Characteristics of sisal-epoxy composite boards with sodium chloride-treated fibers at different treatment temperatures
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v8i1.35572Keywords:
composite boards, mechanical properties, epoxy, NaCl treatment, sisal fiberAbstract
The growing environmental concerns associated with synthetic fibers have led to the increased adoption of bio-fibers as reinforcements in polymer composites. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is explored as a fiber treatment agent to enhance the adhesion between fibers and the matrix. The study aims to evaluate the effects of NaCl treatment on the characteristics of sisal fiber-epoxy composite boards. A completely randomized design was applied with three factors: treatment temperature (25 °C and 100 °C), NaCl concentration (1, 3, and 5 wt%), and composite board density (0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 g/cm³). Sisal fibers were soaked in NaCl solutions for one hour, rinsed, dried, and manually blended with epoxy at a ratio of 80:20 wt%. Composite board properties were observed according to the standards of JIS-A-5908, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results indicated that increasing the NaCl concentration and treatment temperature significantly improved the properties of the composite board. The optimal parameters (5wt% NaCl, 100 °C, 0.80g/cm³) yielded a modulus of elasticity of 4.59±0.26 GPa, modulus of rupture of 18.88±0.03 MPa, and internal bond strength of 3.92±0.18 MPa, representing increases of 200.32%, 130.65%, and 218.70%, respectively. Thickness swelling decreased to 2.13±0.43% (48.14%) and water absorption to 8.95±0.05% (32.25%). These findings confirm that NaCl treatment is an eco-friendly method to enhance the mechanical strength and moisture resistance of biofiber composites. It also supports the development of high-performance composite boards.
Downloads
References
S. Cai et al., “Review of synthetic polymer-based thermal insulation materials in construction and building,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 97, p. 110846, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110846
D. Sheng, R. Ma, and C. Su, “Static and Modal Analysis of a Box Structured Satellite Deployment Mechanism with self-actuated Torsion Joint,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), vol. 8, no. 1, p. 27, Mar. 2024, https://doi.org/10.17977/um016v8i12024p027
S. Islam, F.-E.- Karim, Md. R. Islam, Md. A. Saeed, K. A. Alam, and Mst. M. Khatun, “Thermoset and thermoplastic polymer composite with date palm fiber and its behavior: A review,” SPE Polymers, vol. 6, no. 1, p. e10157, Jan. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10157
W. Wirawan, H. I. Firmansyah, S. Adiwidodo, and M. S. Mustapa, “Impact of Print Speed and Nozzle Temperature on Tensile Strength of 3D Printed ABS for Permanent Magnet Turbine Systems,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 90–102, 2025, https://doi.org/10.17977/um016v9i12025p090
S.-C. Shi, S.-W. Ouyang, and D. Rahmadiawan, “Erythrosine–Dialdehyde Cellulose Nanocrystal Coatings for Antibacterial Paper Packaging,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 16, no. 7, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070960
S.-C. Shi, S.-T. Cheng, and D. Rahmadiawan, “Developing biomimetic PVA/PAA hydrogels with cellulose nanocrystals inspired by tree frog structures for superior wearable sensor functionality,” Sens Actuators A Phys, vol. 379, p. 115981, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2024.115981
S. Maiti, M. R. Islam, M. A. Uddin, S. Afroj, S. J. Eichhorn, and N. Karim, “Sustainable fiber-reinforced composites: A review,” Adv Sustain Syst, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 1–33, Nov. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202200258
I. Elfaleh et al., “A comprehensive review of natural fibers and their composites: An eco-friendly alternative to conventional materials,” Results in Engineering, vol. 19, p. 101271, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101271
W. Qu, B. Niu, C. Lv, and J. Liu, “A Review of Sisal fiber-reinforced geopolymers: Preparation, microstructure, and mechanical properties,” Molecules, vol. 29, no. 10, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102401
A. M. Seid and S. A. Adimass, “Review on the impact behavior of natural fiber epoxy based composites,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 20, p. e39116, 2024, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39116
S. W. Ghori and G. S. Rao, “Fiber loading of date palm and Kenaf reinforced epoxy composites: Tensile, impact and morphological properties,” J Renew Mater, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1283–1292, 2021, https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2021.014987
T. Kanthiya et al., “Modified Poly(Lactic Acid) epoxy resin using chitosan for reactive blending with epoxidized natural rubber: Analysis of annealing time,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 14, no. 6, p. 1085, Mar. 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061085
S. Rao, M. Madhushree, and K. S. Bhat, “Characteristics of surface modified sugarcane bagasse cellulose: application of esterification and oxidation reactions,” Sci Rep, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 24136, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75846-8
S. Ullah, Z. Akhter, A. Palevicius, and G. Janusas, “Review: Natural fiber-based biocomposites for potential advanced automotive applications,” J Eng Fiber Fabr, vol. 20, p. 15589250241311468, Jan. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250241311468
H. Suryanto, S. Sukarni, Y. Rohmat, A. Pradana, U. Yanuhar, and K. Witono, “Effect of mercerization on properties of mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) fiber,” Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, pp. 624–630, 2019. https://www.thaiscience.info/Journals/Article/SONG/10993196.pdf
M. Mohammed et al., “Surface treatment to improve water repellence and compatibility of natural fiber with polymer matrix: Recent advancement,” Polym Test, vol. 115, p. 107707, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107707
S. Rao, M. Madhushree, and K. S. Bhat, “Characteristics of surface modified sugarcane bagasse cellulose: application of esterification and oxidation reactions,” Sci Rep, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 24136, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75846-8
I. N. Santhiarsa, I. G. B. W. Kusuma, and I. G. A. Negara, “Mechanical characterization of NaOH-treated Agel fiber-Cotton composites,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), vol. 7, no. 2, p. 214, Nov. 2023, https://doi.org/10.17977/um016v7i22023p214
C. S. Wiguna, H. Suryanto, M. R. Fahlevi, J. Maulana, and U. Yanuhar, “Evaluation of Silane coupling agent treatment on Sansevieria cylindrica fiber as reinforcement in epoxy composite,” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 41–46, 2023, https://doi.org/10.25103/jestr.164.06
M. H. Hamidon, M. T. H. Sultan, A. H. Ariffin, and A. U. M. Shah, “Effects of fibre treatment on mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced composites: a review,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 3327–3337, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.04.012
T. Setyayunita, H. Suryanto, and A. Aminnudin, “The influence of Sodium Chloride treatment on the Sisal fiber bundle’s properties,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), vol. 8, no. 2, p. 532, Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.17977/um016v8i22024p532
U. S. Gupta et al., “Plasma modification of natural fiber: A review,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 43, pp. 451–457, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.973
A. L. Andrady et al., “Effects of UV radiation on natural and synthetic materials,” Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1177–1202, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-023-00377-6
T. Setyayunita, R. Widyorini, S. N. Marsoem, and D. Irawati, “Effect of different conditions of sodium chloride treatment on the characteristics of Kenaf fiber-epoxy composite board,” Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 93–103, Mar. 2022, https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2022.50.2.93
T. Setyayunita, R. Widyorini, S. N. Marsoem, and D. Irawati, “Study on the characteristics of NaCl treated Kenaf fiber epoxy composite board,” IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, vol. 891, no. 1, p. 012006, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/891/1/012006
Japanese Standard Association, “Japanese Industrial Standard for Particleboard: JIS A 5908,” Japanese Standard Association, Tokyo, Japan, 2003.
W. P. Raharjo, D. Ariawan, K. Diharjo, W. W. Raharjo, and B. Kusharjanta, “Effect of alkaline treatment time of fibers and microcrystalline cellulose addition on mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester composites reinforced by cantala fibers,” Review on Advanced Materials Science, vol. 62, no. 1, p. 20230103, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2023-0103
H. Mardin, I. N. G. Wardana, Pratikto, W. Suprapto, and K. Kamil, “Effect of sugar palm fiber surface on interfacial bonding with natural Sago matrix,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2016, no. 1, p. 9240416, Jan. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9240416
T. Kanthiya et al., “Modified Poly(Lactic Acid) Epoxy Resin Using Chitosan for Reactive Blending with Epoxidized Natural Rubber: Analysis of Annealing Time,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 14, no. 6, p. 1085, Mar. 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061085
M. J. P. Macedo, G. S. Silva, M. C. Feitor, T. H. C. Costa, E. N. Ito, and J. D. D. Melo, “Surface modification of kapok fibers by cold plasma surface treatment,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 2467–2476, Mar. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.12.077
M. Chandrasekar, M. R. Ishak, S. M. Sapuan, Z. Leman, and M. Jawaid, “A review on the characterisation of natural fibres and their composites after alkali treatment and water absorption,” Plastics, Rubber and Composites, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 119–136, Mar. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/14658011.2017.1298550
D. Rahmadiawan et al., “Enhanced properties of TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose films via eco-friendly non-pressurized hot water vapor treatment for sustainable and smart food packaging,” RSC Adv, vol. 14, no. 40, pp. 29624–29635, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA06099G
A. Kodsangma et al., “Effect of sodium benzoate and chlorhexidine gluconate on a bio-thermoplastic elastomer made from thermoplastic starch-chitosan blended with epoxidized natural rubber,” Carbohydr Polym, vol. 242, p. 116421, Aug. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116421
L. Nurhayati et al., “Eco-friendly nanocellulose from coconut Fiber: Optimizing cellulase enzymes for sustainable production,” Asian Journal of Green Chemistry, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 115–128, Feb. 2025, https://doi.org/10.48309/AJGC.2025.482498.1559
H. Sukmana et al., “Hungarian and Indonesian rice husk as bioadsorbents for binary biosorption of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions: A factorial design analysis,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 6, p. e17154, Jun. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17154
R. Deepa, K. Kumaresan, and K. Saravanan, “Effect of surface chemical treatment of Himalayan Nettle and investigation of surface, physical and mechanical characteristics in treated Nettle fibre,” Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, vol. 68, no. No 2, pp. 571–578, 2023, https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2023.142436
Y. Xue et al., “Strength enhancement of regenerated cellulose fibers by adjustment of hydrogen bond distribution in ionic liquid,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 14, no. 10, p. 2030, May 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14102030
L. R. F. Figueiredo, N. C. Nepomuceno, J. D. D. Melo, and E. S. Medeiros, “Glycerol-based polymer adhesives reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals,” Int J Adhes Adhes, vol. 110, p. 102935, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102935
G. Paladini, V. Venuti, V. Crupi, D. Majolino, A. Fiorati, and C. Punta, “2D correlation spectroscopy (2DCoS) analysis of temperature-dependent FTIR-ATR spectra in branched Polyethyleneimine/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nano-fiber xerogels,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 13, no. 4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040528
F. Jiménez-Ángeles and A. Firoozabadi, “Hydrophobic Hydration and the Effect of NaCl Salt in the Adsorption of Hydrocarbons and Surfactants on Clathrate Hydrates,” ACS Cent Sci, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 820–831, Jul. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.8b00076
S. Zaidi, S. Thakur, D. Sanchez-Rodriguez, R. Verdejo, J. Farjas, and J. Costa, “Optimal processing conditions of a bio-based epoxy synthesized from vanillyl alcohol,” Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 223, p. 110743, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110743
K. Kiattipornpithak et al., “Reaction mechanism and mechanical property improvement of Poly(Lactic Acid) reactive blending with epoxy resin,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 13, no. 15, p. 2429, Jul. 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13152429
M. Mohammed et al., “Challenges and advancement in water absorption of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites,” Polym Test, vol. 124, p. 108083, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108083
N. H. Sari, S. Suteja, and Y. A. Sutaryono, “The chemical and water sorption properties of chemically modified Sesbania grandiflora and Leucaena leucocephala fibers and their opportunities as biocomposite fillers,” Journal of Fibers and Polymer Composites, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 62–73, Mar. 2024, https://doi.org/10.55043/jfpc.v3i1.146
A. E. Bekele, H. G. Lemu, and M. G. Jiru, “Experimental study of physical, chemical and mechanical properties of enset and sisal fibers,” Polym Test, vol. 106, p. 107453, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107453
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Tamaryska Setyayunita, Heru Suryanto, Aminnudin Aminnudin, Azlin Fazlina Osman, Uun Yanuhar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
